In the case of application access, HTTPS is used between the connecting client and the teleport proxy. From there, the teleport proxy may use SSH forwarding to reach the application (more details about this in the application access doc link)
The kubernetes access doc doesn’t mention any SSH forwarding like the application access doc does, and Kubernetes does use HTTPS. When you point your kubectl or other Kubernetes client client to the teleport proxy, it definitely talks https.
For SSH/shell access, you can access the web proxy interface over https in a web browser and from there open a web-based session. That works via a websocket from the browser to the proxy. From the proxy out to any teleport node where the shell session is running, it is certainly ssh traffic.
Teleport will tunnel its https (3080) and ssh (3024) connections through an HTTP CONNECT
style proxy if you set both http_proxy and https_proxy. See https://goteleport.com/teleport/docs/admin-guide/#http-connect-proxies for more info. This setting may get you where you need to be.